I've been reading research on organizational size and performance as it is pertinent to the book that Huggy Rao and I are writing on scaling-up excellence. In doing so, I also have been following the debate about banks and whether the assertion that both a cause of the meltdown and a risk for future fiascoes is that banks are "too big to fail." Of course, the debate is hard to sift through because there is so much ideology and so many perverse incentives (example: the bigger the bank, the more the CEO, top team, and board will — in general — be compensated).
Although bankers have been generally silent on this, some have started speaking-up since former Citigroup CEO Sandy Weil — the creator of that huge bank (which lives on courtesy of the U.S. taxpayers) — joined the chorus and argued that big banks ought to be broken-up. Simon Johnson — an MIT professor — had an interesting editorial in the New York Times yesterday where he reviews some of the recent arguments by bankers and lobbying groups that very big banks are still a good idea — and refutes their arguments (and points out that both Democrats and more recently Republicans are starting to challenge the wisdom of mega-banks).
I especially want to focus on the "economies of scale argument," that there are more efficiencies and other advantages enjoyed by larger systems in comparison to smaller ones. This appears to be the crux of an editorial in defense of large banks published in the NYT on August 22nd by former banking executive William B. Harrison Jr. I was struck by one of Johnson's retorts:
As I made clear in a point-by-point rebuttal
of Mr. Harrison’s Op-Ed commentary, his defense of the big banks is not
based on any evidence. He primarily makes assertions about economies of
scale in banking, but no one can find such efficiency enhancements for
banks with more than $100 billion in total assets – and our largest
banks have balance sheets, properly measured, that approach $4 trillion.
Although I am interested in — and an advocate — of the power of growing bigger and better organizations at times, doing so is only justifiable in my view if excellence can at least be sustained and preferably enhanced, and the side-effects and risks to do not overwhelm the benefits. Unfortunately, the optimism among the bigger is better crowd often outruns the facts. For starters, I would love to see sound evidence that really really big organizations enjoy economies of scale and other performance advantages — Wal-Mart might be such a case, they certainly have market power, the ability to bring down prices, and brand recognition — but I can't find much systematic evidence for economies of scale across really big organizations. If Mr. Harrison is correct, for example, there isn't any evidence of increased efficiencies for banks over 100 billion in assets.
This debate reminds me of some fascinating research on the differences between cities and companies. Luis Bettencourt and Geoffery West of the Santa Fe Institute present fascinating evidence that larger cities are more efficient and effective than smaller ones. As they conclude in this article in Nature:
Three main characteristics vary systematically with population. One, the space required per capita shrinks, thanks to denser settlement and a more intense use of infrastructure. Two, the pace of all socioeconomic activity accelerates, leading to higher productivity. And three, economic and social activities diversify and become more interdependent, resulting in new forms of economic specialization and cultural expression. We have recently shown that these general trends can be expressed as simple mathematical ‘laws’. For example, doubling the population of any city requires only about an 85% increase in infrastructure, whether that be total road surface, length of electrical cables, water pipes or number of petrol stations.
OK, so it seems that economies of scale do exist for at least one kind of social system, cities. Does this provide hope for those bankers? Apparently not. Check out West's Ted Talk on "The Surprising Math Cities and Corporations." He concludes several interesting things about scaling. First, the bigger the biological system, the more efficient it becomes. Second, following the above quote and the logic that follows from organisms, cities become more efficient (and creative and financially successful too) as they become larger. Third, that cities rarely die, but organizations almost always do (he claims always). Fourth, he shows that companies do scale — in fact he talks about Wal-Mart, shows their economies of scale, and describes his dataset of 23,000 companies. But the twist is that as companies become larger and older they become weighted down with bureaucracy and — unlike cities — the resulting internal friction both outweighs the benefits of economies of scale and renders them unable to to pull-off the radical innovations required to stay alive.
Here is this conclusion in more detail, from an article in The New York Times:
This raises the obvious question: Why are corporations so fleeting?
After buying data on more than 23,000 publicly traded companies,
Bettencourt and West discovered that corporate productivity, unlike
urban productivity, was entirely sublinear. As the number of employees
grows, the amount of profit per employee shrinks. West gets giddy when
he shows me the linear regression charts. “Look at this bloody plot,” he
says. “It’s ridiculous how well the points line up.” The graph reflects
the bleak reality of corporate growth, in which efficiencies of scale
are almost always outweighed by the burdens of bureaucracy. “When a
company starts out, it’s all about the new idea,” West says. “And then,
if the company gets lucky, the idea takes off. Everybody is happy and
rich. But then management starts worrying about the bottom line, and so
all these people are hired to keep track of the paper clips. This is the
beginning of the end.”
The danger, West says, is that the inevitable decline in profit per
employee makes large companies increasingly vulnerable to market
volatility. Since the company now has to support an expensive staff —
overhead costs increase with size — even a minor disturbance can lead to
significant losses. As West puts it, “Companies are killed by their
need to keep on getting bigger.”
There are still advantages to size despite these rather discouraging data: market power, legitimacy, the ability to do complex things that require multiple disciplines, and brand recognition come to mind. And there are studies by economists that show economies of scale help under some conditions. Some organizations are also better than others at limiting the burdens of bureaucracy as they grow– Wal-Mart is one of them.
As a practical matter, when I think of Bettencourt and West's data and combine it with Ben Horowitz's amazing post on scaling, it appears his advice to "give ground grudgingly," to add as little structure and process as you can get away with given your organization's size and complexity, is even more sound than I originally thought.
As with many researchers, West has a healthy ego and states his findings with more certainty than is probably warranted. But these are — unlike the bankers — evidence-based statements, and when I combine them with what Huggy and I are learning about how hard scaling is to do well (there are big differences between companies that do it well versus badly), the lack of evidence for economies of scale in really big banks, and a system where the primary defenders of really big banks have strong incentives and weak evidence to support their positions, I am hoping that in a political season where my country seems hopelessly split on so many issues, perhaps this is one where both sides can come together and hold an evidence-based position.