Sizzle vs. Substance

I’ve been fretting about this lately, and ranting at Jeff Pfeffer and an anonymous business reporter about it. My question is whether there is a trade-off between producing writings and advice that managers will BUY versus what they need. Sometimes, it seems as if managers– to reverse the old Rolling Stones line — get the advice they want but not the advice they need (at least if they care about building more profitable and humane organizations).

To argue with myself, I can point to the way that the market seems to respond to my little set of four management books. I can argue that as much as I love The No Asshole Rule, and believe that it has valuable – and evidence-based – content, that this book is much easier to create excitement about than the more serious and exacting work I’ve done, like Hard Facts ­— and that is not a good thing. I could take the argument further, and claim that there is so much crap out there partly because the market for business knowledge — the customers and the sellers — routinely rejects serious, deep, and important stuff. And the anonymous reporter from the famous business magazine did resonate to this sentiment, commenting on the how stories such as the "management secrets of Martha Stewart" seem to get snapped-up.  The One Minute Manager, Who Moved the Cheese, and the like fit this story, and — and although part of me protests and part of me wishes it to be so — perhaps the The No Asshole Rule will join this list of "light" best-sellers.

On the other hand, a case can be made that the market actually does respond well to rigor when it is packaged in a readable and convincing package. Malcolm Gladwell is one of the champions here as is Steve Levitt with Freakonomics.  And Dan Gilbert’s intriguing Stumbling on Happiness is doing well (although he doesn’t actually give much advice, but the book is fascinating) . So the argument seems to be that if you write a book that is both based on serious ideas and evidence and is accessible, it will be snapped-up — or at least have the potential. And I could argue that I am trying to do that in The No Asshole Rule, perhaps despite that rowdy title.

I still am not sure where I stand on this, although at the moment, my view is that, as authors, we have several key responsibilities when we write for managerial audiences, no matter how popular or unpopular our books might be (and that is impossible to predict that in advance anyway). First, to write stuff that is based on sound logic and evidence.  Second, to come clean when we base our advice on biased opinions, purely personal experiences, case studies, or deeply held beliefs.  Third, I believe we should give readers enough information about the limitations of our work so they can understand the drawbacks before they take actions that affect people and profits.

I am starting to believe that this means that they very worst books are those that claim to be based on rigorous evidence, but that don’t come clean about their limitations.  This is why I have such a negative reaction to The War for Talent, as I wrote in earlier post, and why — although it is more forthcoming about the drawbacks — Good to Great bothers me because there are many limitations that ought to be acknowledged but are not.  For example the sample is very tiny (e.g.,firms with Level 5 leaders that weren’t great companies weren’t sampled — perhaps there were thousands and it is something that only rarely helps a tiny percentage of the time as it was seen in 11 out of 1400 or so cases), the evidence about the difference between good and great companies is heavily retrospective, and Collins mentions almost no prior research other than his earlier book Built to Last, even though there are literally hundreds – I suspect thousands – of articles published in peer reviewed journals that are more rigorous than either book and that have direct implications for his advice. I still love reading Good to Great, and it is written beautifully and much of the advice is supported by other research. But I do wish that the book had come more clean about its limits. I believe it would have been just as big a hit, and a better model for future management books.

Unlike many of my posts, this one raises more questions than it answers. I love things that are true and honest, and meet the highest standards of rigor. I also love writing and talking about things that people get excited about and want to use.  There are times when I feel like I’ve done both, but I confess that there are also times when I am so tempted by the sizzle that I forget about the substance.

I am not sure if this is true dilemma or just a challenge that a skilled business writer or consultant can overcome with the right training and experience. I’d appreciate your thoughts.

Comments

13 responses to “Sizzle vs. Substance”

  1. David Bourbon Avatar
    David Bourbon

    You might want to read Virginia Postrel’s The Substance of Style (if you haven’t already) for some interesting ideas concerning your question. It’s a more universal issue than you may think, and one to ponder
    Regards,
    David Bourbon

  2. David Maister Avatar

    Bob, my experience says there is a trade-off in serving the different audiences. I mad a fatal mistake in one of my books (Practice What You Preach) of including all the formal rigor and data so that the reader could examine the conclusions, and not just depend on my assertion that I had done good analysis.
    My managerial audience hated it – most readers don’t want to be walked through the data – we / they want to be shown the conclusions as fast as possible.
    Nor, to your point, do we / they want the references and acknowledgement of prior sources. Like you, that’s due diligence and intellectual honesty, but it better not get in the way of presenting a compelling story. That stuff needs to get banished to the appendices.
    I don’t think this is an “Us and them” issue – I think we all want to get our conclusions fast nowadays. I my own atempts to keep up, my catchphrase is “Inside even the best book is a great article trying to get out.”

  3. Bob Sutton Avatar
    Bob Sutton

    David,
    Thanks for your very thoughtful and open advice. Part of my struggle here gets at something you have written to well about: What it means to be a professional. To me — and I am drawing on work by sociologists in part — part of the problem is that management doesn’t qualify as a profession because there is no agreed upon body of knowledge that it draws upon, no agreed upon standards of behavior, and in particular — unlike lawyers and doctors –no agreement to put their clients interest ahead of themselves (indeed, much theory, notably agency theory, reflects the opposite assumption, and it is both an assumptions and an aspiration that runs through most MBA programs.) So for me, the struggle is between what managers should consume and what they do, and the standards they — and those who advice them — use and should should use. My answer, not unlike yours, is to make things as interesting as I can, while making the more rigorous underpinnings more clear, and to keep pushing toward more rigor. Now, it is interesting that not all groups have the same reaction to inserting research. I mostly teach engineers at Stanford, and they are constantly asking to see the original studies. And because of the evidence-based medicine movement, virtually every health care group that I work with wants to hear more about theory and data. So people who are analytical and people who are being pressed to use evidence in their industries are now asking for more evidence.
    Thanks again for your lovely note, and I do think that ultimately this tension between being engaging and careful documentation of limits and evidence is a useful one to struggle with.

  4. Jason Yip Avatar

    I’m reminded of this: http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/25/dogood.html
    That is, sizzle is independant of substance and if we want the right substance to be learned, then we need to learn how to create sizzle.
    On this specific issue, I’m wondering if it’s just a matter of shorter, more focused books?

  5. Kent Blumberg Avatar

    Your post has had me thinking since I first read it. There is much to chew on here.
    The underlying question you are asking, I think, is,
    “How can we (researchers who write books) communicate our findings – and market those communications – in a way that the people we think should have our information will in fact buy it from us?”
    None of us – except perhaps the federal government – can force customers to buy something they don’t want to buy. My doctor cannot force me to diet and exercise – I have to see the value in it for myself. Ford cannot force me to buy an SUV if I want a small hybrid. I cannot force my customers to buy the paper I make if they don’t think my paper gives them better value than someone else’s paper.
    Ideas are the same. You cannot force people to consume your ideas – no matter how true, valid and evidence-backed they are. Your ideas must be communicated and marketed in a way that your target audience understands the value those ideas will bring to them, believes your book will deliver that value, and feels the price matches the value they will get by buying and reading the book.
    “The market for business knowledge — the customers and the sellers — routinely rejects serious, deep, and important stuff.”
    Probably true. Possibly regrettable. But not necessarily bad – just something researcher/authors must deal with.
    Years ago, Disney produced a beautiful animated feature film called “Fantasia.” The film is a series of animated scenes, set to “serious” classical music. Classical music aficionados will tell you that much of the music was changed to suit the needs of the movie – and they see that as a bad thing – “it ain’t pure.” In the end, though, the movie surely brought many new listeners to a genre that had been entirely too stuffy up to that time. Is that a bad thing?
    Each of us in business, whether we make widgets, sell burgers, or sell the fruits of our research to book buyers, is a marketer. If we want a target customer segment to buy our widgets, burgers or books, we need to meet that segment’s needs.
    Tom Rath, has recently published Vital Friends, an account of the Gallup Organization’s research into the anatomy of friendship. Tom solves the customer segment problem by providing two products in one book. The main part of the book is written in an accessible, non academic style. However, Tom and his team have included an appendix that contains very detailed explanations of their research methods and careful statistical analysis of the results. I read the appendix first. Many others will read the body of the book and never touch the appendix. But both segments will buy the book.
    You ask how to get the people who “should” consume your ideas to buy them. I think by doing what other businesses do: segment your market, target segments of that market, and then produce your product (ideas) in a different way for each targeted segment.
    Notes:
    1. Don’t get me wrong. I loved Hard Facts. But I just happen to be in the customer segment for which Hard Facts is great value (I am an engineer by training).
    2. Truth be told, I believe you and Jeff Pfeffer are already positioning the concepts behind Hard Facts for different target segments. The book, this blog, your website, speeches, interviews, articles – all will reach different segments.
    3. Disclosure, as suggested in your post: I have absolutely no evidence to back any of this up. This comment is based entirely on anecdote, opinion and rumination. No data were created, harmed, or consumed in the making of this comment. It is possible my logic is sound, but it is certainly not based on evidence of any kind!

  6. Ralph Maurer Avatar
    Ralph Maurer

    This is a fascinating discussion and one, as the first comment suggests, that is omnipresent in publishing related fields. Even novelists have this debate, though it is couched in terms of art vs. commerce.
    One perspective I would add is that it isn’t really a perfect competition out there. Books with lots of sizzle and easily digestible (but, perhaps, poorly supported) ideas have the tendency to obfuscate the more intellectually valid books. They don’t necessarily compete on an equal basis because, by using P.T. Barnum tactics, they take up the available ‘space’ in front of the audience. Followers of broadway noticed the same thing when overwrought, glitzy, trite musicals came along. These musicals made it harder for the audience to find the ‘good stuff.’
    -Ralph

  7. Joining Dots Avatar

    Well I thought your Hard Facts book was brilliant. But I like well researched books designed to be usable. i.e. not too lightweight but also not too academic.
    But that’s different audiences for you. I’m the same with documentaries. Those made for primetime TV are often to fluffy or outlandish, but I have friends and family who love them.
    By the way, if you’re measuring the effect your blog is having on book sales, I’ve now got Knowing-Doing on order from Amazon…

  8. Sean Avatar
    Sean

    How much of the sizzle is from the title alone?
    The No A**hole Rule is a much sexier title than Hard Facts.

  9. S. Anthony Iannarino Avatar

    Hi Bob,
    Two comments: First, when you write a book, you are surely an author. But if you are interested in people actually picking your book up and reading it, then you are in fact a marketer. I would suggest to you that a title like “People Might Want To Try Being Nice At Work” will sell far fewer books than your aptly chosen and far more provocative title. And, if my gut is right, you hope the book makes a difference, which requires it being purchased and read. (I can’t wait to do both)
    That said, the title is perfect!
    Now to my second point; I have a hard time understanding your opposition to The War for Talent and Topgrading. Surely you aren’t arguing the opposite (hire the least-talented individuals you can find and leave the worst performing people in place or promote them), are you?

  10. Claudia Kotchka Avatar
    Claudia Kotchka

    Bob, If it makes you feel any better, I love your “Hard Facts” book and believe it is well named (enough sizzle). Interestingly, while I find the blog entries on “no assholes” interesting, I’m not as interested in the book. The “Hard Facts” book sounded actionable to me (and it is) while the other more entertaining. So, maybe your marketing is just fine – if you are attracting the audience with the most interest. There are so many management books that I think it takes time for the really good ones to float up and I think “Hard Facts” will be one that stands the test of time.

  11. Bob Sutton Avatar
    Bob Sutton

    I want to thank everyone for making such thoughtful comments. My main conclusion after reading all your comments is that stuggling over the tension is constructive because, to write stuff that has rigor but is actually interesting and useful, isn;t an eay thing to do. And yes it is important to recall that different books appeal to different people. And Claudia, thanks for the vote of confidence about Hard Facts. That book took forever to write, in part because it draws on so much research and we worked so hard to make it actionable, as you put it — although The No Asshole Rule also does have a lot of advice about actions people and organzations can take, it clearly isn’t nearly as deep.

  12. Kent Blumberg Avatar

    Top Ten ideas from The Corporate Blogging Book by Debbie Weil

    I just finished devouring Debbie Weil’s book, The Corporate Blogging Book: Absolutely Everything You Need to Know to Get It Right. Weil’s book fits nicely between The Virtual Handshake, which covers the broad Web 2.0 universe, and Blogwild!, which is

  13. Kent Blumberg Avatar

    New book by Bob Sutton – “The No Assholes Rule”

    Bob Sutton’s new book, The No Asshole Rule, has just been released by Amazon. Here’s a reprint of my October review of the book: I have just enjoyed my way through an advance reading copy of Bob Sutton’s upcoming book,

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